Chain mediating effect of experience avoidance and emotional eating between intolerable uncertainty and life satisfaction in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of experiential avoidance and emotional eating between intolerable uncertainty and life satisfaction of college students.Methods:From October to December 2021, a total of 890 college students in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were tested by the intolerable uncertainty scale (simplified version), the acceptance action scale second edition, the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire and the life satisfaction scale. All data processing and analysis were preformed by SPSS 22.0 software, and the mediating effect was tested by Pearson correlation analysis and Bootstrap analysis.Results:The intolerable uncertainty score was (26.43±7.64), the experiential avoidance score was (22.63±9.67), the emotional eating score was (26.43 ±11.83), and the life satisfaction score was (16.74±6.03). Intolerable uncertainty was significantly and negatively correlated with life satisfaction( r=-0.76, P<0.01), and was significantly and positively correlated with experience avoidance and emotional eating( r=0.66, 0.78, both P<0.01). Experience avoidance was significantly and positively correlated with emotional eating( r=0.70, P<0.01), and was significantly and negatively correlated with life satisfaction( r=-0.62, P<0.01). Emotional eating was significantly and negatively correlated with life satisfaction( r=-0.68, P<0.01). Intolerable uncertainty affects life satisfaction through four paths.The direct effect value of intolerable uncertainty on life satisfaction was -0.53, accounting for 70.23% of the total effect. The separate mediating effect value of experience avoidance was -0.11, accounting for 50.00% of the total indirect effect.The separate mediating effect value of emotional eating was -0.08, accounting for 36.36% of the total indirect effect, and the chain mediating effect value of experience avoidance and emotional eating was -0.03, accounting for 13.64% of the total indirect effect. Conclusion:Intolerable uncertainty can directly affect life satisfaction of college students and indirectly through experiencing avoidance and emotional eating.

Emotional eating in women with generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract Introduction Individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) seek pleasurable foods to avoid their negative emotional experiences. Ineffective regulation of negative emotions may be a risk factor for emotional eating (EE), leading to suffering, dysfunctional behaviors, and weight gain. Objectives The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between emotional dysregulation and EE, investigating potential mediators such as the intensity of the worry, avoidance of internal experiences, mindfulness, and self-compassion in female patients with anxiety. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants from a randomized clinical trial diagnosed with GAD answered the following instruments at baseline: the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Action and Acceptance Questionnaire (AAQ), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). We estimated Pearson correlation coefficients and performed mediation analyses. Results We evaluated 51 female individuals, 34 of whom completed all the questionnaires. Our data showed that EE was positively correlated with emotional dysregulation (r = 0.593; p < 0.001), worry trait (r = 0.402; p = 0.018), and avoidance of internal experiences (r = 0.565; p < 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with self-compassion (r = -0.590; p < 0.001) and mindful state (r = -0.383; p = 0.026). Moreover, we demonstrated that self-compassion mediates the relationship between emotional dysregulation and EE (ab product estimate = 0.043, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.003-0.084). Conclusion Our findings contribute to the literature by identifying psychological factors that could mediate the association between emotional dysregulation and EE, enabling identification of more effective eating behavior intervention targets for patients with GAD.

O comer e as práticas alimentares de profissionais da educação superior na primeira onda da pandemia pela Covid-19: rearranjos e ressignificados / Eating and eating practices of higher education professionals during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic: rearrangements and new meanings

Introdução: O período pandêmico provocou inúmeras alterações, sendo a alimentação um dos contextos afetados. Objetivo: Compreender os novos arranjos e significados das práticas alimentares vivenciados durante a primeira onda da pandemia pela Covid-19 por profissionais da educação superior. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e de caráter exploratório. Foram entrevistados, individualmente e de forma remota, dez profissionais do setor da educação superior de duas universidades federais do interior de Minas Gerais. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio da Análise Temática de Bardin em conjunto com a Análise de Similitude via IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: As entrevistas permitiram a identificação de três eixos temáticos: (1) "Manejos da comida e do corpo: prazer, culpa e medo do ganho de peso", explorando os embates que se intensificaram no que tange ao corpo e às escolhas alimentares; (2) "Re-arranjos sociais, comensalidade e práticas alimentares"; e (3) "O exercício do cozinhar no confinamento: polissemias, temporalidades e gênero", discorrendo sobre o dinamismo da alimentação ao vivenciar alterações na composição domiciliar, rotina e obrigações de trabalho. Discussão: Foi possível identificar relações entre o distanciamento social, o confinamento domiciliar e as práticas alimentares individuais e coletivas. Em razão dos diferentes rearranjos sociais, estruturados pelos participantes para lidar com as restrições impostas pela pandemia, comportamentos dicotômicos emergiram, refletindo conflitos frente aos ajustes nas práticas alimentares. A relação nutriente-alimento (nutricionismo) esteve muito presente nas narrativas, influenciando pensamentos e comportamentos sobre o corpo e o bem-estar. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o contexto pandêmico gerou alterações em relação aos arranjos, representações e significados do comer e da alimentação.

Introduction: The pandemic period brought about numerous changes, with food being one of the affected elements. Objective: To understand the new arrangements and meanings of eating practices experienced during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic by higher education professionals. Methods: This research is qualitative and exploratory. Ten professionals from the higher education sector of two federal universities in the interior of Minas Gerais were interviewed individually and remotely. The interviews were analyzed using Bardin's Thematic Analysis in conjunction with Similitude Analysis via IRAMUTEQ. Results: The interviews allowed for the identification of three thematic axes: (1) "Management of food and the body: pleasure, guilt and fear of weight gain", exploring the conflicts that intensified in regards to the body and food choices; (2) "Social rearrangements, commensality and eating practices"; and (3) "The practice of cooking in confinement: polysemy, temporality and gender", discussing the dynamism of food when experiencing changes in household composition, routine and work obligations. Discussion: It was possible to identify relationships between social distancing, home confinement and individual and collective eating practices. Due to the different social rearrangements, structured by the participants to deal with the pandemic-imposed restrictions, dichotomous behaviors emerged, reflecting conflicts in the face of adjusted eating practices. The nutrient-food relationship (nutritionism) was very present in the narratives, influencing thoughts and behaviors about the body and well-being. Conclusion: It is concluded that the pandemic context generated changes regarding the arrangements, representations and meanings of eating and food.

Internet Addiction Among Undergraduate Students: Effect on Eating Behaviours and Sleep Quality

@#Introduction: Internet addiction is one of the major issues among university students which affected not only their academic performance but also their sleep quality and eating behaviours. Thus, this study aims to investigate the association between internet addiction and eating behavior, with sleep quality among undergraduate students at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 107 university students to obtain data regarding their internet addiction, eating behaviour, and sleep quality through a series of validated questionnaires. The Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis test had been used for the univariate analysis while binary logistic regression was the multivariate analysis. Significance was set as a p-value less than 0.05. Results: A total of 54.2% of the participants showed mild internet addiction and 59.8% of them had poor sleep quality. Severe internet addiction was significantly associated with highest scores in all the eating behaviour. Individuals who were overweight had the highest score for emotional eating. Furthermore, no association was found between internet addiction and eating behavior with sleep quality in both the univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Internet addiction may affect an individual`s eating behaviour and may potentially lead to several health complications in the future. Those who were overweight tend to be emotional eaters. Although, no significant factors were associated with sleep quality, future research should be done involving other parameters such as physical activity level, biochemical data and comorbidities.

Autoestima e estereótipos do comer emocional / Self-esteem and stereotypes of emotional eating / Autoestima y estereotipos del comer emocional

O comer emocional é um impulso alimentar direcionado pelas emoções e relaciona-se com uma baixa autoestima. Essas representações e crenças mentais compartilhadas são estereótipos. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, identificar as relações entre comer emocional, autoestima e estereótipos em 717 participantes, majoritariamente mulheres (93,7%). A coleta de dados ocorreu on-line, com aplicação dos instrumentos: Sociodemográfico, Subescala da Alimentação Emocional, Escala de Autoestima e Escala de Estereótipos do Comer Emocional. Os resultados apontam correlações significativas entre autoestima, comer emocional e estereótipos negativos. Uma autoestima negativa se relaciona com uma maior tendência de possuir o comer emocional. O comer emocional se associa a estereótipos negativos, exemplo: mentiroso e fraco. Esses achados levantam questões de como é válido o papel da autoestima e dos estereótipos negativos no comportamento alimentar. Acredita-se que esta pesquisa tenha valor significativo para a literatura sobre comer emocional.

Emotional eating is the impulse in food consumption in response to emotions and is related to low self-esteem. These shared mental representations and beliefs are stereotypes. The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between emotional eating, self-esteem and stereotypes in 717 participants (93.7% women). Data collection occurred on-line with the application of the following instruments: Sociodemographic, Emotional Food Subscale, Self-Esteem Scale and Stereotypes of Emotional Eating Scale. The results point to significant correlations between self-esteem, emotional eating and negative stereotypes. A negative self-esteem is related to a greater tendency to have emotional eating. Emotional eating is associated with negative stereotypes, e.g. liar and weakling. These findings raise questions about how the role of self-esteem and negative stereotypes in eating behavior is valid.

El comer emocional es un impulso alimentario impulsado por las emociones y está relacionado con una baja autoestima. Estas creencias y representaciones mentales compartidas son estereotipos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las relaciones entre el comer emocional, la autoestima y los estereotipos en 717 participantes, en su mayoría mujeres (93,7%). La recolección de datos se realizó en línea con la aplicación de los siguientes instrumentos: Sociodemográfico, Subescala de Alimentación Emocional, Escala de Autoestima y Escala de Estereotipos del Comer Emocional. Los resultados apuntan a correlaciones significativas entre la autoestima, la alimentación emocional y los estereotipos negativos. Una autoestima negativa se relaciona con una mayor tendencia a tener una alimentación emocional. La alimentación emocional se asocia con estereotipos negativos, por ejemplo, mentiroso y debilucho. Estos hallazgos plantean preguntas sobre cómo es válido el papel de la autoestima y los estereotipos negativos en la conducta alimentaria.

Actividad física como conducta auto-reguladora de ansiedad percibida y patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta en época de aislamiento por COVID-19 en latinoamericanos

RESUMEN La actividad física es considerada una conducta reguladora de ansiedad y ha demostrado efectividad para reducir esta condición emocional. Debido a la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19), en Latinoamérica los gobiernos han aplicado estrategias de aislamiento para reducir la probabilidad de contagio y de esta manera controlar las afectaciones a la salud; sin embargo, un efecto desfavorable de esta situación es el incremento en los niveles de ansiedad que puede afectar la ingesta de alimentos. El objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre la actividad física y la percepción subjetiva de la ansiedad, y las diferencias de estas variables con los patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta en personas latinoamericanas que se encontraban en aislamiento. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 1.035 personas de diferentes países, a partir del cual se identificó que aquellas personas que realizaban actividad física presentaron una probabilidad 50% menor de percibir ansiedad. Adicionalmente, los sujetos que realizaban actividad física presentaron mayor restricción cognitiva y los que no realizaban actividad física, registraron mayor nivel de desinhibición e ingesta emocional. Finalmente, se concluye que la actividad física es una conducta reguladora de la ansiedad en esta época de aislamiento o cuarentena y tiene influencia positiva en los individuos, ya que reduce la desinhibición y la ingesta emocional, por lo que podría prevenir el incremento de peso y el posible desarrollo de patologías alimentarias. Este hallazgo es importante para la promoción de la actividad física en esta época de aislamiento y en situaciones similares, además es útil para las intervenciones en sujetos con alimentación emocional.

ABSTRACT Physical activity is considered an anxiety-regulating behavior and is effective in reducing this emotional condition. Due to the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), governments of Latin America have applied isolation strategies to reduce the probability of contagion and thus control health effects; however, an unfavorable effect of this situation has been the increase in anxiety levels that can affect food intake. The objective of the current study was to analyze the association between physical activity and differences in dysfunctional patterns of intake in Latin American people who were in isolation. A questionnaire was applied to 1.035 people from different countries. We observed that those performing physical activity presented a 50% lower probability of perceived anxiety. Additionally, the subjects who performed physical activity presented greater cognitive restriction, and those who did not perform physical activity registered a higher level of disinhibition and emotional intake. We conclude that physical activity is an anxiety-regulating behavior in this time of isolation or quarantine and has a positive influence on individuals, since it reduces disinhibition and emotional intake, and could prevent weight gain and possible development of food pathologies. This finding is important for the promotion of physical activity in this time of confinement and similar situations, and it is also useful for interventions on subjects with emotional feeding.

Emotional eating: associations among impulsivity, depression, sex, and weight status in young adults / Alimentação emocional: associações entre impulsividade, depressão, sexo e peso corporal em jovens adultos / Alimentación emocional: asociaciones entre impulsividad, depresión, sexo y peso corporal en jovenes adultos

Emotional Eating (EE) is defined as eating under the influence of negative emotions, and is associated with Eating Disorders, impulsivity, depression and weight gain. However, previous literature is not clear regarding how these variables explain EE. The present study aimed to identify predictors of EE and its relationship to impulsivity, depression, eating style, and weight status in young adults. Sex differences in eating style were examined, and differences in EE between obese/overweight and normal/underweight individuals were tested. Two-hundred college students completed online questionnaires assessing all variables. Low inhibitory control, depression symptoms, female sex, and higher body mass index significantly predicted scores on EE. Obese/overweight and female participants presented increased EE. Correlation analysis evidenced positive associations between EE, Uncontrolled Eating, body mass, and low inhibitory control. Results indicate that EE is related to psychological factors such as impulsivity and depression, and biological factors, such as sex and body mass.

Alimentação Emocional (AE) é definida como comer sob influência de emoções negativas e está associada a transtornos alimentares, impulsividade, depressão e ganho de peso. Entretanto, a literatura não é clara sobre como essas variáveis explicam AE. Este estudo buscou identificar preditores da AE e sua relação com impulsividade, depressão, estilo alimentar e peso corporal em jovens adultos. Foram examinadas diferenças entre sexo no estilo alimentar e diferenças na AE entre indivíduos obesos/com sobrepeso e normais/abaixo do peso. Duzentos estudantes universitários preencheram questionários online avaliando todas variáveis. Baixo controle inibitório, sintomas de depressão, sexo feminino e maior índice de massa corporal predisseram AE. Indivíduos obesos/com excesso de peso e do sexo feminino apresentaram aumento da AE. Foram evidenciadas correlações positivas entre Descontrole Alimentar, peso corporal e baixo controle inibitório. Os resultados indicam que a AE está relacionada a fatores psicológicos, como impulsividade e depressão, e biológicos, como sexo e massa corporal.

Alimentación emocional (AE) se define como comer bajo la influencia de emociones negativas y se asocia con trastornos alimentarios, impulsividad, depresión y aumento de peso. Sin embargo, la literatura no es clara acerca de cómo estas variables explican AE. Este estudio buscó identificar predictores de AE y su relación con impulsividad, depresión, estilo de alimentación y peso corporal en jovenes adultos. Se examinaron diferencias entre sexo en el estilo de alimentación y diferencias en AE entre sujetos obesos/con sobrepeso y normales/con bajo peso. Doscientos estudiantes universitarios completaron cuestionarios en línea evaluando todas variables. Bajo control inhibitorio, síntomas de depresión, género femenino y índice de masa corporal más alto predijeron AE. Personas obesas/con sobrepeso y mujeres mostraron aumento de AE. Se evidenciaron correlaciones positivas entre comida no controlada, peso corporal y bajo control inhibitorio. AE está relacionada con factores psicológicos, como impulsividad y depresión, y biológicos, como género y masa corporal.

Factors affecting emotional eating and eating palatable food in adults

Mindfulness en el control del atracón, la perspectiva de un grupo de adultos chilenos / Mindfulness in the control of binge eating, the perspective of a Chilean adult group

Resumen Intervenciones basadas en mindfulness (atención plena [AP]) están siendo cada vez más utilizadas para tratar temas alimentarios, buscando mejorar la regulación emocional y la conciencia acerca de los estados internos (e.g., hambre, saciedad). El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la percepción de la práctica de AP en el control de la conducta de atracón. Participaron siete adultos que presentaban conducta de atracón (20-52 años de edad), seis mujeres y un hombre. Como parte de este estudio, los participantes recibieron una intervención (taller) sobre AP y alimentación. Con base a un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, de alcance exploratorio y descriptivo, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas pre-post intervención, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante codificación abierta. Antes de la intervención, los participantes sostenían una relación no consciente con la comida, presentando un modo de funcionar automático. Tras la intervención se reportaron cambios favorables, como el aumento de la conciencia y el reconocimiento cognitivo y emocional, lo cual supuso modificaciones en la conducta alimentaria. Los participantes realizaron una evaluación positiva del taller y del formato grupal, destacando que la AP fue interiorizada como una nueva herramienta para la vida diaria.

Abstract Interventions based on mindfulness are increasingly used for feeding issues, looking for an improvement in the emotional regulation and awareness of internal states (i.e., satiety, hunger). The objective of this paper was to describe the perception of mindfulness when controlling binge eating behavior. A total of seven adults with binge eating behavior (20-52 years old), six women and one men participated in the study. All participants receive a training (workshop) about mindfulness and feeding. Based on a qualitative methodological approach with exploratory and descriptive scope, semi-structured interviews were performed pre-post intervention and were analyzed by open coding. Before intervention participants had no awareness in their relationship with food showing an automatic response. After intervention participants reported favorable changes such as increased of awareness as well as cognitive and emotional recognition, which led to changes in eating behavior. The participants made a positive evaluation of the workshop and the group format, highlighting that mindfulness was internalized as a new tool for daily life.

Eating Behaviour among Disabled Athletes in Malaysia

@#Background: Nutrition has always been associated with eating behaviour. The eating behaviour can impact not only the normal population but also athletes’ population including disabled athletes too. Athletes have a higher tendency to unhealthy eating behaviour due to intense pressure and competitive environment in sports. It is important to identify the types of eating behaviour among disabled athletes to prevent eating disorder that could affect their performance. Thus, this study aims to identify the types of eating behaviour among disabled athletes in Malaysia. Methods: This study involved 93 disabled athletes in Malaysia. The setting of the study is at National Sports Council, Malaysia. The data obtained are analysed using chi-square test using SPSS. Results: This study shows that the most common types of eating behaviour among disabled athletes are emotional eating (37.6%), followed by uncontrolled eating (34.3%) and cognitive restraint (28%). Most of the overweight and obese disabled athletes are prone to emotional eating (19.4%) as compared to non-overweight athletes (18.3%). Conclusion: As a conclusion, recognising the eating behaviour in disabled athletes is important as more effective and innovative interventions and measures can be undertaken to prevent eating disorder which can enhance sports performance.

Problematic and adaptive eating in people with obesity after a DBT-based skills training intervention: 3- and 8-month follow-up and mediation analysis

Abstract Background: Dialectical behavior therapy conceptualizes problematic behaviors as attempts to regulate emotions that occur when the individual lacks effective skills with which to manage his or her emotions and cope with distress. Problematic eating behaviors, e.g., binge and emotional eating, may serve to alleviate aversive emotional states, being highly associated with overweight and obesity. Dialectical behavior therapy skills training has been proven effective in reducing binge eating in several clinical studies. However, few studies reveal the effects of DBT on adaptive eating behaviors or the stability of outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed to test the effect of a brief DBT-based skills training intervention, and the stability of outcomes at 3- and 8-month follow-ups. Methods: Self-report measures of binge eating, emotional eating, intuitive eating, and mindful eating were taken on 5 timepoints before and after a 10-session DBT skills training intervention (2 baseline measures, 1 post-test, and 2 follow-ups). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model intention-to-treat approach and mediation analysis was conducted with path analysis. Results: After the intervention, intuitive eating and mindful eating scores were significantly higher than before the intervention, while emotional eating and binge eating scores were lower. The results remained stable during the follow-up period, with minor fluctuations and small trends towards returning to baseline values for binge eating and emotional eating. Mindful eating partially mediated the improvements in all outcomes. Limitations: Given that results are entirely based on self-report measures and that some instruments showed poor reliability, in addition to the high attrition rates, the results should be interpreted as preliminary. Conclusions: The results provide evidence that a brief DBT intervention is effective not only in reducing problematic eating but also in increasing adaptive eating, achieving reasonably stable results. Also, the mediation analysis results support the hypothesis that mindful eating partially explains the effects of the intervention on binge and emotional eating. Future research should address the limitations of this study by investigating a more diverse sample, triangulating different measurement strategies, and including other putative mediators.

Effects of Daily Stress on Dietary Pattern among Elementary School Children in Seongnam City / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between several stress measures in everyday life, emotional eating behavior, and dietary pattern (snacks, fatty foods, sweet beverages, fruits and vegetables) in school-aged children. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-four students of an elementary school located in Seongnam City participated in the study. The students responded to the survey questionnaire by self-report, which consisted of items regarding general characteristics, height, weight, dietary habits, frequency of consuming healthy (fruits and vegetables) and unhealthy foods (snacks, fatty foods, and sweet beverages), emotional eating behavior, and daily stress. Correlational analysis was performed to examine the relationship between stress, emotional eating behavior, and dietary pattern, and Poisson and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of stress on dietary pattern. RESULTS: Positive correlations were found between all stress factors and emotional eating behavior and between the friend and personal factor (one of the stress factors) and the consumption of sweet beverages. The frequency of consuming sweet beverages was 2.6 times higher in the high stress group than in the low stress group (95% CI). CONCLUSIONS: Children's daily stress was associated with emotional eating behavior and undesirable dietary pattern such as consumption of sweet beverages.

Associations between Eating Behavior and the Eating Patterns of Female College Students Across the Menstrual Cycle / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The associations between the eating behavior and energy and macronutrient intake from meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the menstrual cycle were investigated in 74 healthy female college students. METHODS: A 9-day food record was collected during the last 3 days before menstrual onset (phase 1) and the first 3 days after menstrual onset (phase 2) and from the 4th to the 6th day after menstrual onset (phase 3), respectively. Anthropometry was assessed and eating behaviors were measured using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). RESULTS: External eating was the most prevalent type of eating behavior, followed by restrained eating and emotional eating. Restrained eating was positively associated with energy, carbohydrate and lipid intake at the breakfast and midmorning snack during phase 3. However, emotional eating was also positively related to energy and macronutrient intake at the dinner and after-dinner snack during phase 1 and phase 3, with higher level detected in the phase 1. The association of emotional eating with the snack consumption was highest in phase 1. External eating was positively associated with energy and macronutrient intakes at the dinner and after-dinner snack across the three phases, the highest level being phase 1. In addition, restrained eating was positively associated with the weight, body mass index(BMI), fat mass, waist and hip girth of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Eating behaviors varied with regard to meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the three menstrual phases. Dinner and afterdinner snack consumption in premenstrual phase could be considered as a time when women are more prone to overconsumption and uncontrolled eating.

Relación entre IMC, emociones percibidas, estilo de ingesta y preferencias gustativas en una población de adultos / Relationship between BMI, emotions perceived, intake style and taste preferences in an adult population

En personas con sobrepeso y obesidad el acto ingestivo puede iniciarse en ausencia de ingesta homeostática. Las emociones pueden actuar como disparadores de ingesta hedónica o emocional contribuyendo al balance positivo de energía, ganancia de peso y obesidad. Objetivos: estudiar la relación entre las emociones percibidas, las preferencias gustativas y los estilos de ingesta, según el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y género en personas adultas. Materiales y métodos:estudio descriptivo de corte transversal mediante encuesta estructurada auto-administrada a pacientes adultos (N=481) que consultaron por primera vez en un centro privado de nutrición de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Resultados:se observó correlación entre el IMC y el estilo de ingesta (r=.26, p<.01) con diferencias para picoteo, salteo, desorganización e hiperfagia (p<0,01). Los hombres presentaron estilos de ingesta menos saludables que las mujeres con mayor frecuencia de hiperfagia y comida nocturna excesiva. El 31% de la muestra refirió atracones, siendo más frecuentes en las mujeres (33,8%) que en los hombres (19,5%) (p<0,01). La preferencia por lo salado se asoció a mayor IMC (IMC media 33,21, p<0,01). El 49,27% de la muestra seleccionó salado, con mayor frecuencia en hombres (68,3%) que en mujeres (45,4%). Un 55% eligió alimentos dulces, con diferencias de género (59% de las mujeres, 34% de los hombres). Se observó una asociación positiva con débil correlación (r=.13, p<.01) entre el IMC y las emociones percibidas, con diferencias significativas en los valores de IMC en función de tristeza (IMC media=33,24, desv. típ. 8,26 p<.01) y enojo (IMC media=33,18, desv. típ. 8,23 p<.01). Las mujeres (M=2,43; DE=1,55) tendieron a comer por emociones (ansiedad, tristeza, cansancio y enojo) más que los hombres. Conclusiones: estilos de ingesta no saludables, preferencia gustativa por lo salado e ingesta desencadenada por emociones percibidas se asociaron a mayor IMC. Los hombres presentaron...

In overweight and obese people, ingestive behavior can be initiated in the absence of homeostatic hunger. Emotions can trigger hedonic or emotional intake, contributing to positive energy balance, weight gain and obesity. Objectives: to study the relationship between perceived emotions, taste preferences and eating habits, according to Body Mass Index (BMI) and gender in adults.Materials and methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study by means of a self-administered structured survey in adult patients (N=481) in a single visit to a private nutrition center in the City of Buenos Aires. Results:a correlation between BMI and unhealthy eating style (r=.26, p>,01) was observed with significant statistical differences for snacking, skipping, disorganization and hyperphagia (p<0,01). Men showed more unhealthy eating styles than women with more hyperphagia and excessive nighttime meal. 31% of the patients reported binge, being more frequent in women (33,8%) than in men (p<0,01). Salty taste preference was associated with higher BMI values (BMI media=33,21, p<0,01). 49,27% of the sample preferred salty foods which resulted significantly more frequent in men (68,3%) than females (45,4%) (p<0,01). 55% preferred sweet foods, with gender differences (59% women, 34% men). We found a weak positive association (r =.13, p<,01) between BMI and perceived emotions with significant differences in the BMI values in relation to sadness ( BMI media=33,24 and anger (BMI media=33,18). Women (M=2.43; SD=1,55) tend to have more emotional eating (anxiety, sadness, fatigue and anger) than men. Conclusions: un healthy eating styles, salt taste preference and emotional eating are associated with increased BMI. Men tend to present less healthy eating habits and women higher intake related to perceived emotions.

Different Patterns of Emotional Eating and Visuospatial Deficits Whereas Shared Risk Factors Related with Social Support between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

OBJECTIVE: Although it is thought that eating disorders result from the interplay of personal and sociocultural factors, a comprehensive model of eating disorders remains to be established. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the childhood factors and deficit in visuoperceptual ability contribute to eating disorders. METHODS: A total of 76 participants - 22 women with anorexia nervosa (AN), 28 women with bulimia nervosa (BN), and 26 healthy women of comparable age, IQ, and years of education - were examined. Neuropsychological tasks were applied to measure the visuoperceptual deficits, viz. the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test and the group embedded figures test (GEFT). A questionnaire designed to obtain retrospective assessments of the childhood risk factors was administered to the participants. RESULTS: The women with both AN and BN were less likely to report having supportive figures in their childhood and poor copy accuracy in the Rey-Osterrieth test. The women with AN were more likely to report premorbid anxiety, childhood emotional undereating and showed poor performances in the GEFT. In the final model, the factors independently contributing to the case status were less social support in childhood as a common factor for both AN and BN, and childhood emotional undereating and poor ability in the low-level visuospatial processing for AN. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the disturbance in the food-emotion relationship and the deficit in low-level visuospatial processing in people with AN. Lower social support appears to contribute to an increase in vulnerability to both AN and BN.

Factors Related to Eating Behavior Assessed Using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and Change of Eating Behavior after Receiving Weight Reduction Treatment / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the factors related to eating behavior subscales and change of eating behavior subscales among obese patients received weight reduction management. METHODS: Eating behavior subscales (restrained eating, emotional eating, and external eating) were assessed using the Korean version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in 76 obese female patients at obesity clinic and 83 female visitors at health promotion center. Fifty nine patients received weight reduction management and completed follow-up survey after 2-3 months. Demographics, physical activity, health behaviors, diet experience, BMI, and weight change were assessed. RESULTS: The score of restrained eating was significantly higher in obese patients compared to controls, while scores of other subscales were not different between the two groups. Diet experience, score of emotional eating, and BMI explained 15% of variance of restrained eating score after adjustment for covariates. Likewise, increase of restrained and external eating scores and younger age explained 27% of variance of emotional eating score. External eating score was associated with increase in emotional eating score, higher education, regular exercise, and frequent overeating (R2=30%). Among obese patients, the follow-up score of restrained eating was significantly higher compared to that score at baseline, while the scores of emotional and external eating were not significantly changed. After adjustment for covariates, only irregular eating habit was associated with the change of restrained eating score. CONCLUSION: Restrained eating score was associated with BMI regardless of subjects group, while, among obese patients, the change of restrained eating score was associated with frequent irregular eating habit.

Factors Related to Eating Behavior Assessed Using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and Change of Eating Behavior after Receiving Weight Reduction Treatment / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the factors related to eating behavior subscales and change of eating behavior subscales among obese patients received weight reduction management. METHODS: Eating behavior subscales (restrained eating, emotional eating, and external eating) were assessed using the Korean version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in 76 obese female patients at obesity clinic and 83 female visitors at health promotion center. Fifty nine patients received weight reduction management and completed follow-up survey after 2-3 months. Demographics, physical activity, health behaviors, diet experience, BMI, and weight change were assessed. RESULTS: The score of restrained eating was significantly higher in obese patients compared to controls, while scores of other subscales were not different between the two groups. Diet experience, score of emotional eating, and BMI explained 15% of variance of restrained eating score after adjustment for covariates. Likewise, increase of restrained and external eating scores and younger age explained 27% of variance of emotional eating score. External eating score was associated with increase in emotional eating score, higher education, regular exercise, and frequent overeating (R2=30%). Among obese patients, the follow-up score of restrained eating was significantly higher compared to that score at baseline, while the scores of emotional and external eating were not significantly changed. After adjustment for covariates, only irregular eating habit was associated with the change of restrained eating score. CONCLUSION: Restrained eating score was associated with BMI regardless of subjects group, while, among obese patients, the change of restrained eating score was associated with frequent irregular eating habit.